What is Yoga?


Yoga means Union

The word Yoga means to ‘yoke' or ‘unite' in the ancient Indian language Sanskrit. Yoga is synonymous with Truth, One-ness, Samadhi, Nirvana, or Moksha. Oftentimes today the term Yoga is used to describe what is in fact Hatha Yoga or Yoga Asana and Pranayama etc. That is, a series of physical postures (asanas) that are part of a Hatha/Raja Yoga practice. Yoga is the end and not the means. The means to attain Yoga are accepted to be four in number and they are known as Raja Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Karma Yoga (more explanation of these is given below).


Practices such as Hatha Yoga etc. are preparatory activities bringing the mind and body into alignment and synchronization; and developing strength and flexibility to enable you to sit in meditation; also the discipline and self-control required for this. They are not intended as ‘exercise' in the way they are often approached and taught in the west. A Hatha Yoga practise may utilise asana (posture), pranayama (control of Prana usually through breathing techniques), mudra (hand positions), mantra (chanting), banda (locks in the body), meditation, and relaxation. Various rituals and cleansing activities are also taught along with diet and life-style approaches.



The four divisions of Yoga

The following are brief notes on Yoga taken from booklets from Swami Vivekananda [these books are listed and available at http://www.ayuryoga.co.nz/products/books-for-sale/]

jnana yoga

Jnana Yoga is the philosophy of Vedanta, it is neither optimistic or pessimistic, it takes things as they are and shows that the basis of our being is contradiction, that wherever there is good there must be evil, wherever there is life there must be death, that the fire that cooks our food may also burn us, and so on. Good and bad are never different things but one and the same, the difference is simply one of degree. Jnana Yoga teaches us that the path to religion and wisdom is renunciation. Knowing the state of things gives us more patience and respect for different customs and less fanaticism. We realise that the only thing that is certain is that in time all rivers will reach the ocean, their goal, and attain freedom. The Vedantist goes beyond nature, beyond Maya, beyond a personal God, to discover God is he himself, the one real Self, and is free. Maya is described by Swami Vivekananda as “simply a statement of facts about the universe as it exists”. Vedanta allows absolute religious freedom and stops nowhere, it is understood that freedom is the requirement for growth.

Advaita Vedanta is non-duality, Oneness, and a rationalistic religion that can reach and take hold of intellectuals. Advaita is non-destructive and does not disturb the faith of anyone, instead helps all to get higher and understand a God that is One and total, that the whole world and all in it is full of God, good and bad, life and death, the child, the husband, the wife. Have what you want, only know the truth of it and realise it. Give up desires, give up the illusory world, once there is no more delusion, we see Oneness and there is no more misery – this misery comes from ignorance, from separation. Vedanta says that this separation is unreal; it does not exist. God is in all work, all desires, all thoughts. All belongs to God. All is One.

karma yoga

Karma Yoga is the path of action or work, everything we do, physical or mental, is Karma, and it leaves its marks or impressions on us. Yet only what we earn and what we deserve will be what is really ours and what we can assimilate and achieve. Karma Yoga is work for works sake, without selfish motivation, without attachment to the fruits of that action, without caring for the results. According to the circumstances in which we are placed, we must perform our duties. We should go about these duties without fear, without weakness. The greatest help we can give to others is to give spiritual knowledge, the next greatest is to give intellectual help, and after that comes physical help. Ignorance is the cause of all misery and thus physical help cannot cure the miseries of the world. Karma Yoga is to do the duty that is ours by birth, not to judge the duty of others through our own eyes and culture. Through this work with the sense of duty will come work without any idea of duty - work will become worship.

raja yoga

Raja Yoga is the path of meditation providing the scientific and practical methodology to acquire the subtle perceptions required to reach Truth. It does not deny the existence of facts that may be difficult to explain, and it warns us that attributing such facts to supernatural beings will bring dependence and spiritual decay, fear and superstition. It teaches that all knowledge is based upon experience and Yoga is the science that teaches us about religion, that allows us to experience God for ourselves, to realise and know truth, not simply follow that which our forefathers tell us is so. Raja Yoga teaches the method to this understanding, this experience. It shows us how to observe the internal states, how to direct the power of attention, how to analyse the mind, how to concentrate to obtain knowledge. This knowledge is that which takes away misery. No faith or belief is necessary to study Raja Yoga, it never asks what our religion is. We are human beings and have the right to seek religion and have our questions answered by ourselves. Raja Yoga teaches us to believe nothing until we have found it out for ourself. Anything that is presented as secret or mysterious in these systems of Yoga should be rejected. Discard all things that weaken you, strength is vital. It takes much effort to concentrate and to move inwards and study the mind, it takes time and constant practice - some of this practice is physical but most is mental.

Raja Yoga is divided into eight steps as follows: Yama: such behaviour as non-violence, truthfulness; Niyama: such behaviours as cleanliness, contentment, self-study, surrender to God, and sustained practice; Asana: postures (“any posture that is easy and steady is an Asana”) *; Pranayama: management and control of Prana (breathing exercises may be involved here but Prana is not breath, Prana is the vital life force); Pratyahara: withdrawal of the senses within; Dharana: concentration and fixing the focus on a single spot without distraction; Dhyana: Meditation that is all encompassing; Samadhi: Bliss, Truth, One-ness. Once we reach Dhyana and prepare the foundations we continue to practise and the experience of Samadhi will come when the time is right.

*It may be seen that Asana is that which is similar to Hatha Yoga but it should be realised that Hatha Yoga is a very physical practice to make the body strong and healthy and to live long, it takes a long time to achieve much spiritual growth and practices can be difficult. In Raja Yoga asana is mainly to achieve a firm seat or foundation, to purify the nerves, and keep the spine column free and straight and the chest open.

bhakti yoga

Bhakti Yoga is the path of devotion and love - complete surrender to God. It is a real and genuine search for God that begins, continues, and ends in Love. The Bhakta (devotee) understands that all sects of all religions are manifestations of the same Lord. He does not hate or criticise but has sympathy and appreciation for all. God is worshipped by all sects in all names and through all forms. The Bhakta takes care of the food he eats, as this is what determines his physical and mental structure; the passions are controlled; purity and cleanliness of both the external and internal is maintained with discrimination. The Bhakta must be strong and cheerful with a steady and peaceful mind. In all Yogas renunciation is necessary and this is the heart of religion. The Karma-Yogi's renunciation is in giving up the fruits of his action and any rewards; the Raja-Yogi's renunciation comes by understanding that he in fact is not nature but spirit through all eternity; the Jnana-Yogi's renunciation is to realise from the very beginning that the whole of solid looking nature is an illusion, and by the force of his rational conviction break away from bondage with nature. The renunciation of the Bhakta comes more naturally without any sense of giving up or separation. Instead as devotion to God grows and intensifies; forms, rituals, books, religions, and all limitations and bondages fall off by their own nature. There is no suppressing of emotions, only a growing intensity as they are all directed to God. Bhakti fills the heart with the ocean of love and there is no attachment or room for anything but God, all shines with this beauty and love and there are no more distinctions, no resentments, no jealousy, selfishness, or hate. Through Love the Reality beyond is understood. In Bhakti Yoga the feelings and passions of humans are not considered wrong - it is understood they must be carefully controlled and move in the highest direction and that is toward God. By loving God and because everything is God it is possible to experience universal love. All rivers flow to the ocean and all Love is given to God, its highest source. Pain, misery, death – all will be welcomed as they come from the Beloved. Love manifests itself as reverence, pleasure in God, and misery from not attaining God. Love seeks no reward or return, it knows no fear, and has no rival. The whole universe and all that takes place in it is the play of God, his sport, and man the playmate and friend of God. The Bhakta becomes mad with the divine love of God and the universe melts into the infinite ocean of Love. Man is transformed in the presence of this Love and finally he realises that Love, The Beloved, and the Lover are One.

Ayurveda and Yoga

Ayurveda is the knowledge of the Self and the management of one's Prakriti or ‘essential constitution'. Ayurveda and Hatha Yoga practices become very much intertwined and in fact share a common philosophy called Sankhya. Understanding individual differences helps us to understand what Yoga path and practise will be most supportive and compatible to each person. We work continuously using the knowledge and tools that Ayurveda provides to prepare the field and develop stability and firmness in order to reach a state of Yoga.

Why so many different types of Hatha Yoga?

We may become confused about all the names given to different styles and approaches to yoga such as Hatha, Ashtanga/Power, Iyengar, Bikram/Hot, Integral, Kundalini, Dru, Vinyasa, Jivamukti, and so on!!

All these are different variations and names of Hatha Yoga. Each teacher has his/her own ideas about how they use the Hatha Yoga philosophy so they introduce variations based on their own personal understanding and experiences. This is also due partly to the concepts of trademarking and commercialism. Why a certain yoga school or teacher becomes more popular than others is due mainly to marketing and trends and to the popularity and charisma of certain individual teachers.

Yoga and the Ocean

As an analogy, we can compare Yoga to that of the Ocean; as a vast body of water; endless and eternal. In the Ocean all is one and never separate though there are often Waves. We can compare these Waves to the human birth and the ego that makes us feel we are separate to others. As soon as we feel this separation we suffer all the limitations and fear of associating ourselves with the individualised Body and Mind, of being the Wave and not the Ocean. We become stuck there, and we forget that we have always been the Ocean. There are many Waves but they are never separate from the Ocean, and it is only due to Karma/Maya we (the Body and the Mind) assume the form of Waves.

Identifying and practising seriously an appropriate technique to attain Yoga will help us re-connect and re-unite to the Ocean that we are. The practice will help us develop discipline and equanimity, allowing us to realise our potential and our true Self beyond the Body and the Mind. Nevertheless we must understand, control, and manage the Body and the Mind as instruments to experience the Self that is Truth. These are the only tools we are given to allow us to experience that which we are here to experience in this life span.